Past Experiences

Another aspect is also how the individual responds to whatever environment they find themself. I would conjecture that what results in later development problems for one child doesn’t necessarily imply another child will have the same or any difficulties. Of course one can list extreme conditions, and perhaps no one would argue about such extreme conditions.

KW replies: most of the resilience studies done here in Hawaii have shown that as long as the child has had at least one positive/loving person in their life ( coach, scout leader, clergy, next  door neighbor etc) the ability to express a strength to seemingly overcome trauma or impoverished early life, not free of symptoms, but able to be a “good person” is greatly inhanced.KW John Price wrote: I also wonder about the preception of ‘abuse’ as seen by ‘modern’ standards. What we would call ‘abuse’ these days, was often either taken as proper conduction of parents, or even if not done, was seen as parental failure. I’m mystified as to how the entire human race could survive long enough to come to the conclusion that its entire parenting history has been one of abuse. So, I’ll claim that most, essentially all, a predominant portion of the population has the resilience require to ‘survive’ a broad range of ‘abuse’ however that’s defined. KW replies: I agree with you here John; there is a lot to say about social judgements on behavior of others as shapeing the knife of what is moral and correct in our society. I also think that it is the interactions between us that will write the narratives of future moralities, beliefs, expectations etc. It has been shown in many of the postmodern therapies that how we experience ourselves and think about ourselves is a social construction. As one of my teachers used to say; ” get 10 people to investigate for you. Tell 5 of them to investigate how dangerous the world is and tell 5 to investigate how safe the world is. Five will return with information of how dangerous the world is, and five will return with information of how safe the world is; it is up to you to choose because both groups are correct; so what are you going to choose; safe or dangerous; the choice is up to you of how you want to live your life; as the world being dangerous or safe?”KWNorm mentioned that he thinks trauma affects people even if they are not damaged by it.  I cannot see how this is different than other, non-traumatic experiences.  Everything that happens to us affects us in some way.

While the story below makes an important point, I find the metaphor problematic.  Someone who experiences difficulties and overcomes them is usually strengthened by that experience and gains a larger repertoire of techniques for coping with adversity.  A vase that is broken and mended will be less strong and more likely to break again along the fault lines.  If someone were holding themselves together superficially but fragile underneath, I can see them “breaking” under stress.  If someone did undergo long term therapy and managed to reorganize their personality, I think they would be stronger and better able to withstand pressures of life.

When I was working with parents of gifted children, I researched coping skills and stress because it was so frequently implicated in situations of suicide and substance abuse.  The research I’ve seen about stress says that children who are subjected to repeated stresses without support or to multiple concurrent stresses are more likely to have difficulty coping than children who have less stress.  However, children who encounter stress with support or manageable stress (not overwhelming to their resources) are able
to develop increasingly more effective coping skills and wind up more resilient.  The suggestion is that parents should not routinely protect their children from all stress but should permit them to experience negative emotions (with support) and handle difficulties themselves as much as possible while being careful to ensure they do not become overwhelmed.  I have seen some research that suggests that kids most prone to substance abuse are those who believe themselves unable to cope with normal stresses, who are intolerant of strong emotion in themselves, and who have poor coping skills.

Outcome of House Vote on IDEA cuts

The House voted on the Labor, HHS and Education Appropriations bill for FY 1996 and it passed 219 – 208.  There were no amendements from the floor, so all cuts to IDEA in special education research and teacher training remained.  The Senate taks up the issue when it returns from August recess.

To reiterate, this bill does not cut from IDEA funding to States to support special education services, but eliminates all funded research in areas like early childhood and severe and profound disabilities. Many of the leading researchers in this area rely on these funds as their primary source of funding to conduct research and develop programs.   Here are some of the currently funded programs that would be cut: An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Staffing Patterns for Young Children Attending Natural Group Environments for Early Intervention (Dr. Mary Beth Bruder, Univ. of Conn)…the project will expand current knowledge and practice in the effects of receiving early childhood intervention in natural group environements.

Efficacy of Early Intervention:  Long Term Effects (Dr. Carl Dunst, Western Carolina Center): project will produce a database on the effectiveness of early intervention. Differential Characteristics and Effects of Family-Oriented Approaches to Early Intervention (Dr. Jackqueline Epstein, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania) Examine the best ways to approach family-oriented early intervention services.

Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Social Development of Young Children (Dr. Scott McConnel, Univ of Minnesota).  Examine effective strategies for education of children exposed to cocain in utero. Investigations of Early Motor Procedures (Dr. Gerald Mahoney, Kent State).  Investigates the relative effectiveness of two motor intervention approaches (NDT and Peabody Developmental Motor program) fo children with Down Syndrome and children with cerebral palsy. Proactive schooling:  Preventing Dropout in Highest Risk Adolescents (Dr. Katherine Larson).  Examining procedures to prevent dropout among Hispanic students in the LA area.

Transition to adulthood for students with developmental disabilities: The role of Siblings (Dr. Russell Gersten, Eugene Oregon)  examine ways that siblings influence educational outcomes. And, I would be less than forthcoming if I did not confess that one of our very own projects will be cut: Is there a causal relationship between self-determination and positive adult outcomes for youth with mental retardation?  A follow-up study…part of the work we are doing in self-determination for youth with mental retardation.

I give you these to provide a sense of the types of research that is impacted.  I don’t think I have to illustrate the difficulty in recruiting and retaining good teachers in special education if the personnel training funding disappears. Nothing is more effective than a family member telling his or her Senator that these cuts are impact their son or daughter.  It puts a face to those budget cuts.  The Senate takes their appropriations bill up in Septemeber.  Contact them at their home office during the recess and let them know that these cuts represent a failure on their part to support the nations responsibility to educate all students.

 

New early childhood education centres of innovation

Education Minister Trevor Mallard announced today a new early childhood education initiative that will create six Centres of Innovation, which will be used to build a strong research base to inform and develop models of best teaching practice. “Investing in quality early childhood education is crucial to children’s learning and their opportunities in later life,” Trevor Mallard said.

“The good teaching and learning practices these centres are currently using will be further developed in collaboration with researchers and that information will then be available to other services.”The initiative will provide $2.102 million over three years to support the six centres. After that, another six centres will be chosen to undertake research and development for a further three years.

“This investment is part of the Government’s commitment to increasing participation, improving quality and promoting collaborative relationships in early childhood education. This is particularly important for Maori and Pacific children who currently participate less than others.”

The six Centres of Innovation are:  A’oga Fa’asamoa, Auckland – provides quality Pasifika early childhood education Roskill South Kindergarten, Auckland – widespread and integrated use of information technology, with good levels of parent involvement. Te Kohanga Reo o Puau Te Moananui a Kiwa, Auckland – showcases Maorilanguage based learning Wycliffe Nga Tamariki Kindergarten, Napier – good collaboration with Maori and Samoan communities, and good parent involvement through use of information technology Wilton Playcentre, Wellington – displays a strong commitment to education and involvement of parents, and the innovative use of schema learning theory New Beginnings Preschool, Christchurch – innovative use of Reggio Emilia approach and commitment to development “The proposals we received showed a very vibrant early childhood education sector.  The Centres of Innovation initiative aims to capitalise on the experience of those most likely to provide innovative ideas, the people working in ECE services,” Trevor Mallard said.

The first allocation of funding includes $170,000 of capital funding to support the participating services.  Further operational funding will be the focus of contract negotiation in the near future.

 

IT’S TIME FOR A NATIONAL EDUCATION LABORATORY

CHAPEL HILL, N.C. -A national survey of 438 colleges and universities finds that early childhood teacher preparation programs will not be able to meet growing federal and state calls for better-trained early childhood teachers.
        Researchers at the National Center for Early Development & Learning (NCEDL) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH) found that institutions of higher learning are already understaffed and will be strained by growing demand.
        “Overall, programs will not have adequate faculty to meet the projected workforce needs during this era of stronger teacher preparation requirements. In fact, our data indicates that a 76 percent increase in early childhood faculty would be needed if all current early childhood teachers were required to get a Bachelor’s degree,” said Dr. Pam Winton. She is co-director of the study with Dr. Diane Early, both at NCEDL.
        Research has consistently shown that young children that have better educated teachers in preschool do better academically when they reach elementary school. “Unfortunately, 75 percent of the early childhood teachers in NC have no degree past high school,” Winton said.
        Increasing demand for better-educated and qualified teachers is coming from such agencies as Head Start nationally and Smart Start in North Carolina, and from parents who look for child care centers with higher ratings. The N.C. Division of Child Development reports that a quarter of all Tar Heel children under six attend some form of child care. But less than 20 percent of the licensed child care centers in the state have the highest, five-star rating. That rating is calculated, in part, on the education level of the staff.

Help Reqested on Early Childhood Education Research

The Oregon Department of Education has formed a task force to evaluate the readiness of Oregon children to begin school. This effort is in response to the set of educational goals recently established by President Bush, i.e. “Every child shall be ready to begin school.” After some deliberations the task force has decided that no appropriate evaluation instrument exists and that they might benefit from the advice and an “Ethnographer.” A request for assistance in finding such help arrived at my office, but, since I am
not an ethnographer, nor do have I have any experience in early childhood education, I would like to ask the readers of QUALRS-L for any help or advice they could provide for the task force.

Please note that I do not believe that the members of the task force have any understanding of the methods or potentials of ethnography, or any other kind of qualitative reserach. However, I do think this is a valuable opportunity for the qualitative research community to influence a state department of education and so possibly inject some alternative viewpoints into the process of policy development.

Specifically:

1. What studies exist that the task force could read that would help them to formulate a multi-dimensional (their word) evaluation tool, or process to evaluate the readiness of children to begin school?

2. Is there a way for qualitative research methods to develop a set of descriptions of the learning potentials of various categories of pre-school children?

3. Is is possible to conduct a wide scale, qualitatively based assessment of pre-school children?

4. Are there specific individuals the task force could consult with on this topic?

 

Government Spends $280 Million on Education Labs, Research Centers

WASHINGTON (UPI) — Several universities and education organizations across the country will receive $280 million in competitive federal grants to operate educational laboratories and research centers, the Education Department said Thursday.“This is the greatest investment the federal government has made in educational research and development,” Assistant Secretary Christopher Cross said at a press briefing.
        He said education can only be improved through developing research on innovative ways to reach teachers, parents and children. Ten regional educational laboratories will receive $162 million over the next five years “to help solve pressing education problems in schools and school districts and assist policymakers and administrators in its region,” the department explained. In addition to addressing regional concerns, the labs will focus on improving student retention and meeting the needs of small rural schools.
        Another $118 million over five years will go to several universities to operate 17 education research centers, with each center focusing on a specific topic.
        The 10 regional labs are:
        –Northeastern region, including Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands – Regional Laboratory for Educational Improvement of the Northeast and Islands, Andover Mass.
        –Mid-Atlantic region – Research for Better Schools Inc., Philadelphia.
        –Southeastern region – SouthEastern Regional Vision for Education, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
        –Midwestern region – North Centeral Regional Educational Laboratory, Elmhurst, Ill.
        –Appalachian region – Appalachia Educational Laboratory Inc., Charleston, W. Va.
        –Southwestern region – Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, Austin, Texas.
        –Central region – Mid-continent Regional Educational Laboratory, Aurora, Colo.
        –Northwestern region – Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, Portland, Ore., which will distribute information about a new program designed to increase Indian parents’ involvement in their children’s education.
        –Western region – Far West Laboratory for Educational Research and Development, San Francisco.
        –Pacific Basin region – Pacific Regional Educational Laboratory, Honolulu, which will concentrate on early childhood programs.

        The 17 research centers are:
        –Education Policy and Student Learning at Rutgers: The State University of New Jersey.
        –Learning to Teach at Michigan State University.
        –Literature Teaching and Learning at the State University of New York at Albany.
        –Mathematics Teaching and Learning at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
        –Postsecondary Learning, Teaching and Assessment at Pennsylvania State University.
        –Student Learning at the University of Pittsburgh.
        –Adult Literacy at the University of Pennsylvania.
        –Education in the Inner Cities at Temple University.
        –Educational Quality of the Workforce at the University of Pennsylvania.
        –Families, Communities and Children’s Learning at Boston University.
        –Organization and Restructuring of Schools at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
        –Science Teaching and Learning at Ohio State University.
        –Teacher Performance, Evaluation and Educational Accountability at Western Michigan University.
        –Assessment, Evaluation and Testing at the University of California at Los Angeles.
        –Cultural Diversity and Second Language Learning at the University of California at Santa Cruz.
        –Writing and Literacy at the University of California at Berkeley.
        –Education Finance and Productivity at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.

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Early learning, Internet Content and Research

The Kindersite project has been established to investigate how Internet content should be used in the education of early learners. The project has received the following message from the Director of Education Technology at the National Association of School Boards in the USA, I quote, “The mission of your site looks wonderful and I commend you for your work in this arena of early childhood education”.

1. To allow early learners access to the best graded content available on the Internet in a safe and secure environment and allow them to choose and use the content freely
2. For qualified academic educational researchers to study the childrens usage of the content and follow up their usage to best understand outcomes of how and if technology should be integrated in to the educational process

The site is still at a very early stage and most of the site is still to be constructed including the childrens interface. The site today is being used to test the concept and to gain feedback from the almost 50 schools in 10 countries aleady testing the site. An academic board of advisors is also being assembled to guide the
project.

 

Early Education – A MUST

Two of their most surprising and profound discoveries are that the brain uses the outside world to shape itself and that it goes through crucial periods in which brain cells must have certain kinds of stimulation to develop such powers as vision, language, smell, muscle control and reasoning. ”It’s just phenomenal how much experience determines how our brains get put together,” Pierson, a neurobiologist, said.

”If you fail to learn the proper fundamentals at an early age, then you are in big trouble. You can’t suddenly learn to learn when you haven’t first laid down the basic brain wiring.  That’s why early education is so important, why Head Start is so important,” she said, referring to the federally funded program for preschoolers.

But what the brain can do depends on whether or not it is used. It is the ultimate use-it-or-lose-it machine, and it is eager to learn new skills. The ability to form abstract thoughts, for instance, is now seen as a consequence of the brain’s learning to read. ”In the same way that we evolved a certain cognitive abstract capability as a function of our capacity to read, there is every reason to believe that there are other untapped abstract capabilities of our brains that are not being developed by our traditional educational system.”

 Long thought to be a clean slate to which information could be added at any time, the brain is now seen as a super-sponge that is most absorbent from birth to about the age of 12. Thus, the brain can reorganize itself with particular ease early in life during crucial learning periods. Information flows easily into the brain through ”windows” that are open for only a short duration. Then the windows close, and the fundamental architecture of the brain is completed.

”A kind of irreversibility sets in,” Harvard’s Earls said. ”There is this shaping process that goes on early, and then at the end of this process, be that age 2, 3 or 4, you have essentially designed a brain that probably is not going to change very much more.” The best time to learn foreign languages, math, music and other subjects is between 1 and about 12 years of age, yet these years are usually put on pause, given over to youngsters to ”enjoy their childhood.” Faced with the new evidence about how the brain develops and functions, many scientists are concluding that society is wasting a tremendous amount of the brain power of its young, and creating a lot of unnecessary problems-including crime, aggression and depression-later on in their lives.

That’s not to say that all is lost if this early learning period is not optimized. Using the tools left over from shaping brain cells and their connections, the brain gives its owner a second chance. There is, however, a price to pay. Instead of being easy, learning becomes harder later on. ”If you want to significantly influence a child’s ability to think and to acquire knowledge, the early childhood years are very critical,” said neurobiologist Peter Huttenlocher of the University of Chicago, whose studies helped open the door to understanding the brain’s plasticity.

 

EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION

Qualifications: Earned doctorate in Early Childhood Education with a specialization in reading and/or language arts; at least two years teaching experience in Early Childhood Education and/or Kindergarten; demonstrated commitment to teaching, research and scholarship, and service.  Preferred qualifications include experience in teaching students in culturally diverse settings and experience with instructional technology in education. Responsibilities include teaching, program and curriculum development, advising, and supervising students in field experiences and student teaching.

        SOCIAL WORK
Associate or Full Professor: Earned doctorate in Social Work or a closely related field; master’s degree in Social Work; at least two years postmaster’s practice  experience; successful record of teaching (especially research and human behavior courses), scholarship, and student advising; demonstrated ability to obtain external funding.  Working knowledge of CSWE Accreditation requirements will be viewed favorably.  Responsibilities include teaching, research, advising, and providing leadership in program and curriculum development.

Assistant Professor: Earned doctorate in Social Work or a closely related field (doctoral candidates with confirmed dates for completing all requirements may be considered); at least two years post master’s practice experience; demonstrated commitment to undergraduate generalist education in Social Work.  Responsibilities include teaching, research, advising.   Field coordination may also be an assigned responsibility.

        Application Procedures
Review of applications will be begin immediately and continue until the positions are filled. Persons interested in applying should send a letter of application specifying the faculty position of interest, curriculum vitae, official college transcripts, and the names and addresses of three references to: Office of the Dean, School of Professional Programs, Benedict College 1600 Harden Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29204.

Founded in 1870, Benedict College offers a high quality liberal arts education through 21 majors to over 2200 students. As one of the nation’s premier Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Benedict College is committed to excellence in teaching, research, and service. The College is an equal opportunity, affirmative action, ADA institution and encourages applications from persons who support its mission.

 

The War on Poverty worked, that is why conservatives hate it

The problem with liberals is they refuse to address the root cause of poverty. They just want the easy answer of egalitarian policies that penalize the productive over the non productive.   Liberals claim the welfare state is a success, yet they have solved nothing. Instead of just giving the non productive money, that money would have been better spent training these poor people with skills that would give them more than a minimum wage job.

Focusing policy-related investments on children rather than adults is likely to result in a higher level of skill development and yield a greater rate of return. In Policies to Foster Human Capital, a Joint Center for Poverty Research (JCPR) working paper, James J. Heckman recommends several policy interventions and reforms designed to foster early learning and promote skill formation. With higher skill levels, Heckman argues that young individuals are better equipped to enter the job market and subsequently reap the benefits of the investments made in earlier years. These early investments include high quality education, early intervention and job training programs. His findings will enable policy makers to better evaluate fund allocations, and should aid researchers who are examining job training programs, tax policies, education, and financial interventions in early childhood.

Key Finding:
As young individuals can expect a longer period of employment and are more apt to acquire new skills and develop existing abilities, Heckman recommends that they be the main beneficiaries of policy related funding in such areas as education, early intervention, job training, and tax policies. In addition, Heckman highlights trends in the American labor market that demonstrate a decrease in wages and an increase in unemployment for individuals with low job skills. His research indicates that substantial investments are required to offset the magnitude of capital losses and increase the skills of these individuals.

Early Intervention:
It is a common interpretation that family credit constraints prevent children of low-income families from attending school, thereby stunting their skill growth. In actuality, however, it is the long-run influences of family and environment that shape the ability, expectations and future college readiness of children. Since scholastic ability promotes academic progress, successful early intervention in the life cycle of learning leads to higher overall achievement. Heckman finds that family income received at early ages is a much more important determinant of complete schooling than education subsidies. This increased income gives families access to better quality school experiences, which enable children to perform better and develop their skills.

Privatizing Job Training:
Public sector job training programs for those who are older or economically disadvantaged are generally ineffective, based on the low level of earning gains. Programs offered through the private sector, however, yield greater success and offer the best hope of a reasonable rate of return. These programs foster skill development, affect behaviors beyond school and work, and are highly integrated within the local labor markets. In the private sector, programs are tailored to meet the most recent market trends and are typically of higher quality since these programs are normally funded at higher levels than those which are offered by the public sector. Heckman therefore recommends a shift in training programs from the public to private
sector.

Education:
Instead of focusing solely on academic achievement, education programs must also recognize the need to foster the development of additional aptitudes and social skills. Young students should have the opportunity to participate in quality programs that bridge the worlds of knowledge and practice, and offer more diverse choices and instill motivation. Providing young children with these opportunities gives them the advantage of an early start to their skill development, improving their chances of successfully participating in the job market in later years. The current public school system, Heckman notes, has a monopoly on education. Instead of offering parents a choice between several competing education programs, as is the case with post-secondary institutions, the public education system offers parents limited options for their children’s schooling. With increased competition and choice, he argues, educational quality increases.

Tax Policy:
Heckman advocates a reduction in taxes on capital and a shift toward flat human capital taxation. Since the current U.S. tax system is not flat, rising earnings result in higher tax rates, thus discouraging human capital investment. The intuition behind suggesting flat labor income taxes on human capital investment arise from the fact that the cost of time inputs to investment is foregone earnings, which are tax deductible. Far more important for wage growth and economic efficiency are reforms in the taxation of capital. Promoting capital formation raises the real wages of skilled and unskilled workers, with only slight effects on inequality in earnings. Such tax reforms are often ignored or misrepresented as favoring capital and the wealthy. However, higher levels of capital stocks raise the wages of all workers in a roughly uniform way.

Background:
Recent studies that have examined the increasing gaps between high and low-skilled worker earnings have captured the attention of policy makers. Many of these studies support the idea of increasing both the skill level of unskilled workers and the supply of skilled workers as a means of diminishing this gap. However, researchers do not agree over the means by which workers should be trained and employment-enhancing skills fostered. Several studies stress that learning is a lifetime process, much of which occurs in the early years, outside of schools. The results of these studies suggest that abilities are not fixed and that they can be measured in ways other than cognitive tests. Results also emphasize that parents and the environment play a large role in the success of young children. Based on these studies, Heckman concludes that redirecting policy dollars to early childhood initiatives is likely to increase skill level and decrease the economic gap.